Quiz #1: what to expect

The quiz will involve terminology introduced during class lectures and relating to the following subjects: lexicon, including semantic change, grammar, phonetics & phonology.
You will also have an opportunity to decode an OED entry or two: explain when certain spellings of a word were current, where English got the word from, etc.
Wherever possible, I will try to get you to apply the terminology. See below for examples!

You should be able accurately to determine from an OED entry:

• The century of the first attested example of the word in English.
• The date of particular spellings of the word. (What does "1" mean? "1-3"? "7- "?)
• The etymology of the word: did the word come from Latin? from Latin via French?

Terms relating to the lexicon:

I may give you some words and ask you to apply the right term. For instance, I may ask you to tell me what process of wordformation has generated the italicized forms in ifs and buts; you will tell me "conversion/functional shift/zero-derivation".

• abbreviation
• acronym
• adapted Bach [k]
• adopted Bach [x]
• affixation
• back-formation
• blend
• bound root morpheme (pterodactyl, ruth- in ruthless)
• clipping
• compound
• conversion (=functional shift, zero-derivation)
• ellipsis
• folk etymology
• free root morpheme (pterodactyl)
• initialism
• loanword
• ISV (International scientific vocabulary)
• prefix
• productive affix
• shift (functional, semantic)
  
• suffix
• zero-derivation (=functional shift, conversion)

Terms from semantics

Or, I may tell you that in OE, deor or deer used to mean "a quadruped"; you can tell me that the word has undergone "narrowing/restriction/specialization".

• amelioration
• euphemism
• extension/generalization
• metaphor
• metonymy
• narrowing or restriction or specialization
• pejoration
• reinterpretation (bead)
• slang

Terms from grammar:

Here, you are likely to encounter a sentence and be asked to identify (for instance) word class (noun? adjective) or clause elements (subject? verb? direct object? indirect object? complement?). Or, I might ask you to compose a sentence consisting of (for instance) a third-person plural subject and a transitive verb. (There's a bit of a trick with that last one.)

• adjective
• adverb, adverbial
• article (in/definite)
• auxiliary verb
• case (subject, object, possessive)
• complement (subject, object)
• degree (comparative, superlative)
• determiner
• finite verb
• gender
• indirect object
• intensifier
• intransitive verb
• lexical verb
• noun, noun phrase
• number
• object (direct) of a sentence
• participle (-ING/present, -ED/past)
• past tense
• perfective aspect
• person
• predicate
• preposition
• present tense
• progressive aspect (aka "continuous")
• pronoun
• subject of a sentence
• transitive verb (has a direct object!)
• verbal noun
• voice (active, passive)

Phonetics and phonology:

1. You can expect to transcribe words and to recognize words. I'll be expecting the symbols on the handout that you got in class rather than the symbols in Crystal or Millward, but you can make a case for using ones you've learned elsewhere. I won't be asking you to identify whether /p/ is aspirated or not, and I'll be staying away from low back vowels. So, you might be asked to transcribe sin ([sIn]) and seen ([sin]), or to write down the PDE word represented by [beyt] (bait).

2. You should know terminology relating to the articulation of consonants and vowels. You can expect to be asked to produce the symbol that represents (for instance) "a voiceless interdental fricative" or "a high front vowel". And I might expect you to be able to describe patterns in data (i.e. that in words like strength and warmth, the intrusive consonant is a voiceless stop articulated in the same place as the preceding nasal!

Vowels:

• High and low (Millward 29), close or open (Crystal 238)
• Front or back (Millward 29, Crystal 238)
• Rounded

Consonants:
Place of articulation:

• bilabial
• labio-dental
• (inter-)dental (Millward 28, Crystal 243)
• alveolar
• alveo-palatal (Millward 28) or palato-alveolar (Crystal 243)
• velar

• stop or plosive (Millward 28, Crystal 243), and why not flap (Crystal 243)
• Affricate
• Fricative
• Nasal
• Voiced or voiceless!